Lead: A toxic metal present in normal petrol and in the air as fine particles can affect the central nervous system, cause renal damage and hypertension. Children are three times more at risk than adults.
SPM: Particle of dust and carbon coated with toxic gases, all emanating from factory and automobile exhaust, coat the lungs, causing respiratory infections, persistent cough, throat irritation, and aggravate asthma.
Carbon Dioxide: Colourless and odourless, carbon dioxide is emitted from petrol-run vehicles, mostly two and three wheelers. It reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen and exacerbates heart disorders.
Sulphur Dioxide: A colourless gas, a part diesel exhaust and factory emissions, affects the upper respiratory tract and causes bronchial problems.
Benzene: A part of unleaded petrol and is emitted from catalytic converters. A known carcinogen linked to lung cancer and leukaemia.
Oxides of Nitrogen: Formed during fuel combustion in motor vehicles and power stations. Convert nitrogen dioxide which leads to bronchial infections, clods, headaches, eye irritation.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Unburnt from diesel engines cause drowsiness, eye irritation, cough and is suspected to be cancer-causing.
Friday, August 27, 2010
Rapid Prototyping
Stereolithography, photochemical machining, laser sintering, and laminated-object manufacturing use 3D CAD data to produce models in hours. Most of these processes make parts from plastic. Models can be built from layers of liquid plastic, fused from plastic powders, or cut from partially cured polymer.
Though large manufacturers increasingly have rapid-prototyping capabilities in house, smaller firms generally work with service bureaus to obtain fast prototyping. Here are some things to keep in mind when working these outside vendors.
CAD drawings: What you send the service bureau 2D drawings, CAD files, or STL files determines the amount you pay in up-front processing costs. And these costs could vary dramatically depending on the CAD program the bureau uses to make your data machine ready.
For example, sending only 2D drawings of a part to be fabricated forces the service bureau to create the solid model from the prints. For relatively simple parts, it will probably take about as long to create a solid model with one CAD program as it would with another. But the situation changes dramatically as parts become more and more complex. Some CAD programs are just faster to work with than others. Feature-based or variational geometry modelers such as Pro/Engineer can usually generate models much more quickly than modelers based on Boolean operators. The difference in modeling time becomes more pronounced in complicated models that incorporate features such as sculpted surfaces, numerous bends and radii, and so forth.
Most service bureaus charge by the hour to create a solid model from prints. So the longer it takes them to create a model from drawings, the higher the cost. Medium-complexity parts might take eight to 12 hr of CAD time. Simple parts, from a half-hour to a few hours.
Surface models: Many surface modelers generate STL files. But for the few surface or wire-frame modelers that can't generate STL files, the service bureau often ends up creating a solid model from scratch, even when provided with a perfectly good surface model on disk. Starting from scratch is often easier than converting a surface model into a compatible format and making the necessary modifications.
Solid models: When a customer sends a solid model that has not been generated with the same brand of CAD program as used by the service bureau, there must be a conversion into a compatible format through an IGES transfer. The conversion process tends to be imperfect. The service bureau will still be forced to clean up the solid model before generating the STL file for fabrication instructions. This cleaning-up process typically involves adding features that sometimes get lost in the IGES translation, such as surface normals or information about certain kinds of radii.
Thus, it is good to ask the service bureau how cleanly it has been able to translate models generated by the CAD software used to generate the math models they will receive.
STL files: STL files created by most major CAD systems execute without any glitches. A few off-brand CAD programs do indeed create STL files that have problems, however. These problems typically consist of gaps on surfaces or areas where the fabrication software cannot identify the surface. When this happens, the service bureau typically goes back into the model and patches up these areas, then recreates the STL file.
Molds:Most RP parts made today are prototypes of molded components. Parts in this category are best fabricated by service bureaus that also have some experience in molding. Most do.
RP bureaus with molding experience can often provide advice about design factors such as adding drafting to the part. If the original model doesn't have draft, a sufficiently experienced bureau often can add this to the model. If one area of the part has particularly tight tolerances, they can also take this into consideration when they build the prototype by adjusting factors such as part orientation during the build or the shrink rate of the material.
Service bureaus generally shoot for a tolerance of ±5 mil/in. of part, but they sometimes can get this down to 1 to 3 mil/in. for special features.
Machining: A service bureau that has experience with machining will be able to give advice about the trade-offs for either machining prototype parts, or building them stereolithographically or with some other RP technology. Large part size and simplicity generally dictate a machined approach.
Though large manufacturers increasingly have rapid-prototyping capabilities in house, smaller firms generally work with service bureaus to obtain fast prototyping. Here are some things to keep in mind when working these outside vendors.
CAD drawings: What you send the service bureau 2D drawings, CAD files, or STL files determines the amount you pay in up-front processing costs. And these costs could vary dramatically depending on the CAD program the bureau uses to make your data machine ready.
For example, sending only 2D drawings of a part to be fabricated forces the service bureau to create the solid model from the prints. For relatively simple parts, it will probably take about as long to create a solid model with one CAD program as it would with another. But the situation changes dramatically as parts become more and more complex. Some CAD programs are just faster to work with than others. Feature-based or variational geometry modelers such as Pro/Engineer can usually generate models much more quickly than modelers based on Boolean operators. The difference in modeling time becomes more pronounced in complicated models that incorporate features such as sculpted surfaces, numerous bends and radii, and so forth.
Most service bureaus charge by the hour to create a solid model from prints. So the longer it takes them to create a model from drawings, the higher the cost. Medium-complexity parts might take eight to 12 hr of CAD time. Simple parts, from a half-hour to a few hours.
Surface models: Many surface modelers generate STL files. But for the few surface or wire-frame modelers that can't generate STL files, the service bureau often ends up creating a solid model from scratch, even when provided with a perfectly good surface model on disk. Starting from scratch is often easier than converting a surface model into a compatible format and making the necessary modifications.
Solid models: When a customer sends a solid model that has not been generated with the same brand of CAD program as used by the service bureau, there must be a conversion into a compatible format through an IGES transfer. The conversion process tends to be imperfect. The service bureau will still be forced to clean up the solid model before generating the STL file for fabrication instructions. This cleaning-up process typically involves adding features that sometimes get lost in the IGES translation, such as surface normals or information about certain kinds of radii.
Thus, it is good to ask the service bureau how cleanly it has been able to translate models generated by the CAD software used to generate the math models they will receive.
STL files: STL files created by most major CAD systems execute without any glitches. A few off-brand CAD programs do indeed create STL files that have problems, however. These problems typically consist of gaps on surfaces or areas where the fabrication software cannot identify the surface. When this happens, the service bureau typically goes back into the model and patches up these areas, then recreates the STL file.
Molds:Most RP parts made today are prototypes of molded components. Parts in this category are best fabricated by service bureaus that also have some experience in molding. Most do.
RP bureaus with molding experience can often provide advice about design factors such as adding drafting to the part. If the original model doesn't have draft, a sufficiently experienced bureau often can add this to the model. If one area of the part has particularly tight tolerances, they can also take this into consideration when they build the prototype by adjusting factors such as part orientation during the build or the shrink rate of the material.
Service bureaus generally shoot for a tolerance of ±5 mil/in. of part, but they sometimes can get this down to 1 to 3 mil/in. for special features.
Machining: A service bureau that has experience with machining will be able to give advice about the trade-offs for either machining prototype parts, or building them stereolithographically or with some other RP technology. Large part size and simplicity generally dictate a machined approach.
TYPES OF GAUGES
Plug / Pin Gages - Plug and pin gages are used for go / no-go assessment of hole and slot dimensions or locations compared to specified tolerances.
Dimensional Gages and Instruments - Dimensional gages and instruments provide quantitative measurements of a product's or component's dimensional and form attributes such as wall thickness, depth, height, length, I.D., O.D., taper or bore.
Indicators and Comparators - Indicators and comparators measure where the linear movement of a precision spindle or probe is amplified
Bore and ID Gages - Bore and ID gages are designed for internal diameter dimensional measurement or assessment
Thread Gages - Thread gages are dimensional instruments for measuring thread size, pitch or other parameters.
Air Gages - Air gages use pneumatic pressure and flow to measure or sort dimensional attributes.
Digital Pressure Gauges - Digital pressure gauges use electronic components to convert applied pressure into usable signals. The gauge readout has a digital numerical display.
Pressure Gauges - Gauges or meters for pressure measurement. Pressure gauges include digital gauges and analog dial face gauges.
Micrometers - Micrometers are instruments for precision dimensional gaging consisting of a ground spindle and anvil mounted in a C-shaped steel frame. Noncontact laser micrometers are also available.
Calipers - Calipers typically use a precise slide movement for inside, outside, depth or step measurements. Some caliper types are used for comparing or transferring dimensions.
Gage Blocks - Gage blocks are manufactured to precise gagemaker tolerance grades for calibrating, checking, and setting fixed and comparative gages.
Ring Gages - Ring gages are used for go / no-go assessment compared to the specified dimensional tolerances or attributes of pins, shafts, or threaded studs.
Depth Gages - Depth gages are used to measure of the depth of holes, cavities or other component features.
Height Gages - Height gages are used for measuring the height of components or product features.
Snap Gages - Snap gages are used in production settings where specific diametrical or thickness measurements must be repeated frequently with precision and accuracy.
Masters and Setting Gages - Masters and setting gages provide dimensional standards for calibrating other gages.
Dimensional Gages and Instruments - Dimensional gages and instruments provide quantitative measurements of a product's or component's dimensional and form attributes such as wall thickness, depth, height, length, I.D., O.D., taper or bore.
Indicators and Comparators - Indicators and comparators measure where the linear movement of a precision spindle or probe is amplified
Bore and ID Gages - Bore and ID gages are designed for internal diameter dimensional measurement or assessment
Thread Gages - Thread gages are dimensional instruments for measuring thread size, pitch or other parameters.
Air Gages - Air gages use pneumatic pressure and flow to measure or sort dimensional attributes.
Digital Pressure Gauges - Digital pressure gauges use electronic components to convert applied pressure into usable signals. The gauge readout has a digital numerical display.
Pressure Gauges - Gauges or meters for pressure measurement. Pressure gauges include digital gauges and analog dial face gauges.
Micrometers - Micrometers are instruments for precision dimensional gaging consisting of a ground spindle and anvil mounted in a C-shaped steel frame. Noncontact laser micrometers are also available.
Calipers - Calipers typically use a precise slide movement for inside, outside, depth or step measurements. Some caliper types are used for comparing or transferring dimensions.
Gage Blocks - Gage blocks are manufactured to precise gagemaker tolerance grades for calibrating, checking, and setting fixed and comparative gages.
Ring Gages - Ring gages are used for go / no-go assessment compared to the specified dimensional tolerances or attributes of pins, shafts, or threaded studs.
Depth Gages - Depth gages are used to measure of the depth of holes, cavities or other component features.
Height Gages - Height gages are used for measuring the height of components or product features.
Snap Gages - Snap gages are used in production settings where specific diametrical or thickness measurements must be repeated frequently with precision and accuracy.
Masters and Setting Gages - Masters and setting gages provide dimensional standards for calibrating other gages.
Tuesday, August 24, 2010
Benefits of Machine Design Services
1.Shorten design cycles
2.Reduce time-to-market for clients in high pressure selling environments
3.Minimize errors and rework
4.Reduce design and development costs
5.Transition to 3D modeling
6.Automated design of assemblies
7.Prototype testing
8.Import/Export data with other software packages
2.Reduce time-to-market for clients in high pressure selling environments
3.Minimize errors and rework
4.Reduce design and development costs
5.Transition to 3D modeling
6.Automated design of assemblies
7.Prototype testing
8.Import/Export data with other software packages
The advantages of outsourcing 3D modeling and 2D drafting services
1.Get the ability to present your ideas and designs to your prospects in a professional and comprehensive manner.
2.Improve engineering efficiency with complete drawings of complex parts of a building or a product.
3.Create accurate and modifiable 3D designs and drafts and detect defects early. Minimize the concept-to-production time.
4.Obtain comprehensive digital drawings even from rough paper sketches.
5.Deploy a highly skilled team to work on your concepts with total confidentiality. Take advantage of the latest technologies and file formats in 3D modeling without actually investing in any.
6.Save tremendous amount of time and money with rapid turnaround on even high volume projects.
2.Improve engineering efficiency with complete drawings of complex parts of a building or a product.
3.Create accurate and modifiable 3D designs and drafts and detect defects early. Minimize the concept-to-production time.
4.Obtain comprehensive digital drawings even from rough paper sketches.
5.Deploy a highly skilled team to work on your concepts with total confidentiality. Take advantage of the latest technologies and file formats in 3D modeling without actually investing in any.
6.Save tremendous amount of time and money with rapid turnaround on even high volume projects.
Sunday, August 22, 2010
Animation in Pro/ENGINEER
Hi,
If anybody is having tutorial of animation in ProE please write down here.
I want to know more about animation in ProE.
If anybody is having tutorial of animation in ProE please write down here.
I want to know more about animation in ProE.
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